• The Bibliography Page
• Parenthetical Citations
• Books
• Reference works
• Periodical articles
• Pamphlets
• Government publications
• Non-print materials
• Online sources

The Bibliography Page

The first line of each citation starts at the left margin, the second and any succeeding lines are indented five spaces. Each work, or portion of a work, is listed separately and is arranged alphabetically by the author's last name. There should be 1 blank line between entries and no blank lines within a single entry. For example:

author last name, first name.  Some title thing here.  Publication info.
     Maybe some volume info here.

author last name, first name.  Some title thing here.  Publication info.
     Maybe some volume info here.

author last name, first name.  Some title thing here.  Publication info.
     Maybe some volume info here.

Parenthetical Citations

Guidelines

• References in the text must clearly point to specific sources in the bibliography list. The information in the parenthetical citation must match the corresponding information in the bibliography list.
• When the list contains only one work by a cited author, you only need to give the author's last name to identify the work.
  Note: If two different authors have the same last name, then you would have to give the first name as well in order to distinguish between the two.
• If the work has more than one author, either give all the authors' last names, or one last name followed by et al.
  Note: Et al is a Latin contraction of "and others".
• If you have listed the work by title, use the title or a shortened version in the parenthetical citation.
• If the list contains more than one work by the same author, then give the title or a shortened version in addition to the author's last name.
• Specifically identify the location of the borrowed information. Give relevant page numbers or, if applicable, volume numbers and/or chapter numbers.
• If you include an author's name in a sentence, you do not need to repeat it in the the parenthetical citation that follows.
  (e.g. Jones has argued this point before (178-85).)
• In parenthetical references in the text, works on the World Wide Web are cited just like printed works. For any type of source, you must include information in your text that directs readers to the correct entry in the works-cited list. Web documents generally do not have fixed page numbers or any kind of section numbering. If your source lacks numbering, you have to omit numbers from your parenthetical references. If your source includes fixed page numbers or section numbering (such as numbering of paragraphs), cite the relevant numbers. Give the appropriate abbreviation before the numbers: "(Moulthrop, pars. 19-20)." (Pars. is the abbreviation for paragraphs. For a document on the Web, the page numbers of a printout should normally not be cited, because the pagination may vary in different printouts.
  

A word about readability

Keep parenthetical references as brief and as few as accuracy permits. Do not add unnecessary parenthetical references, and do not give more information than needed to identify a source. Do not parenthetically cite entire URLs.

By a single author:

Lemann, Nicholas.  The Promised Land, the Great Black Migration and How
	It Changed America. New York:  Knopf, 1991. 

Multiple authors:

Gibaldi, Joseph and Walter S. Achtert.  MLA Handbook for Writers of
	Research Papers.   3rd ed.  New York:  Modern Language Association,
	1988.

More than three authors:

Bailyn, Bernard, et al.  The Great Republic.  Lexington, MA:  D. C. 
	Heath, 1977.

Unknown author:

The Bible, a New Translation.  Trans. James Moffatt.  New York:  
	Harper and Row, 1954.

Multi-volume work:

Dorival, Bernard.  Twentieth Century Painters.  2 vols.  New York: 
	Universe Books, 1958.

Collection produced by an editor(s):

Guernsey, Otis L., Jr. and Jeffrey Sweet, ed.  The Burns Mantle 
	Theater Yearbook of 1989-90.  New York:  Applause, 1990.

A work from an anthology:

Margulies, Donald.  "The Loman Family Picnic, a Play in Two Acts."  
	The Burns Mantle Theater Yearbook of 1989-90.  New York:
	Applause, 1990.  131-50.

Encyclopedia Article:

A citation for a work arranged in alphabetical order does not require volume or page numbers. Encyclopedias may be cited without the publisher's name, but date of publication must be given. If the article is signed, give the author's name first. If the article is not signed, give the title first.

Signed Article:

Temperley, Nicholas.  "Johann Sebstian Bach."  Groves Dictionary of 
	Music.  1980.

Unsigned Article:

"Northwest Coast Indians."  Encyclopedia of Native American 
	Tribes.  1988.

Other reference sources:

"Swinomish."  Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Northwest.  
	Norman, OK:  University of Oklahoma Press, 1986.  230-1.

"Kurasawa, Akira."  Current Biography Yearbook 1991.  New York:  
	H.W. Wilson Company, 1991.  346-50.

In addition to author and title information, each periodical entry must include either a volume and issue number, year, and pages, or complete date and pages. Some publications have continuous paging for each volume, and in this case, volume, year, and pages only are needed.

Omit the initial article (a, an, the) from the title of publications. As with other materials, put the author's name first if it is given, if the author is not identified, put the title first.

Articles in scholarly journals:

Wernerfelt, Birgner.  "Advertising Content When Brand Choice Is a Signal." 
	Journal of Business 63.1 (1990)  91-8.

Articles in weekly publications:

Ryback, Timothy W.  "Letter from Salzburg."  New Yorker
	30 Dec.  1991:  62-75.

Articles in monthly publications:

Alford, Jeffrey.  "Ap Nam?  Kin Khao?  Feeling at Home in Thai Kitchens."
	Eating Well  Jan. - Feb. 1992:  44-55.

Newspaper Articles:

Miller, David.  "Tightening the Belt."  Seattle Times  
	5 Jan.  1992:  A1.

Anonymous articles:

"Saddam's Republican Guards."  Time Magazine 4 Feb.  1991:  24.

Editorials (In a newspaper or magazine):

Schmemann, Serge.  "The World According to Gobachev Disappears."
	Editorial.  New York Times  8 Dec.  1991:  E3.

Treat a pamphlet as you would a book.

Outsmarting Crime:  A Guide to Safer Living.  N.p.:
	Washington State Criminal Justice Training Commission, 1990.

Washington State.  Washington State University, Pullman 
	Cooperative Extension.  Raising Rabbits, Helpful Suggestions 
	for Beginners.  Extension Bulletin 0975.  Pullman:  WSU, 1991


United States.  Commerce Dept.  An Act to Provide the Small Business
     	Administration Continuing Authority to Administer a Program for Small
     	Innovative Firms, and for Other Purposes.  Washington. D.C.:  
     	GPO, 1986


United States.  Senate.  Committee on the Judiciary.  The Child Abuse 
     	Victims' Rights Act of 1986. 99th Cong., 2nd sess. S. Res. 985.  
     	Washington, D.C.:  GPO, 1986.

Author, first (if available, if in doubt, put in the title first). Title. Format. Producer's name, date.

Internet:

Last name, First name.  Title.  Url.  Date visited 

Television:

Cuba and Cocaine.  Narr. Bill Moyers.  Produced by the 
     	Documentary Consortium.   Frontline.  PBS.  WTVS, Miami.  
     	18 Jan. 1990.

Radio:

Sexual Harassment In the Workplace.  By Daniel Schorr.  
     	All Things Considered.  KUOW, Seattle  5 March 1991.

Record:

Fiestas of Peru:  Music of the High Andes.  Phonodisc.  
     	Recorded in Peru by David Lewiston.  Nonesuch Records, 
     	H-72045, 1972.

Tape:

Welles, Orson.  War of the Worlds.  Audiotape.  
     	National Recording Company, DD 3667, 1985.