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Multiple choice (120 pts.)

Please read these carefully. One and only one response (a, b, c, d, or e) completely and correctly answers the question, or completes the statement. Circle the appropriate response. Make sure your circle is unambiguous.

1. A man with human blood isoagglutinogen genotype AO conceives a son with a woman with genotype AO. Their son is most likely to have blood genotype:

a.  A
b.  O
c.  AO
d.  AA
e.  OO



2. When two genes occur closely on the same chromosome, the dihybrid frequencies obvious in the F2 generation violate the following Mendelian postulate:

a.  segregation
b.  independent assortment
c.  mutation
d.  dominance
e.  random mating



3. A class of mutations influenced by the addition or deletion of a nucleotide is called:

a.  reverse
b.  missense
c.  subsitution
d.  frame shift
e.  redundant



4. DNA polymerase is active in:

a.  transcription
b.  translation
c.  replication
d.  segregation
e.  recombination



5. DNA replication (synthesis) occurs during:

a.  prophase
b.  metaphase
c.  anaphase
d.  telophase
e.  interphase



6. Chromosome reduction occurs during

a.  the first division of mitosis
b.  the second division of mitosis
c.  the first division of meiosis
d.  the second division of meiosis
e.  interphase



7. The genetic distance A-B is 10 map units, B-C is 5 map units, and A-C is 18 map units. Among the progeny of aBC x Abc the expected percentage of ABC offspring is:

a.  5
b.  10
c.  15
d.  18
e.  28



8. Given a diploid species with an autosomal locus with 4 alleles, how many different homozygous genotypes can be formed?

a.  2
b.  4
c.  6
d.  10
e.  15



9. Given a diploid species with 22 chromosomes and XY sex determination, how many autosomes are there in the gamete?

a.  2
b.  4
c.  6
d.  10
e.  15



10. If two segregating loci contribute to plant height in an additive polygenic manner, and the parental cross is AABB x aabb, the number of possible heights in the F2 is:

a.  0
b.  1
c.  4
d.  5
e.  16



11. In guinea pigs, black coat color (governed by allele B) is dominant and white (b) is recessive. When heterozygous black pigs are intercrossed, approximately what frequency is expected to be homozygous.:

a.  0
b.  1/4
c.  1/3
d.  1/2
e.  3/4



12. A mutation can cause a nucleotide substitution, but have no effect on the amino acid sequence, because of:

a.  homozygosity
b.  heterozygosity
c.  Ambiguity
d.  redundancy
e.  homology



13. The genetic code is:

a.  a method of replication
b.  a method of transcription
c.  a method of translation
d.  a method of mutation
e.  a method of recombination



14. Using the metaphor of DNA as an information system, what would be the best analogy for the chromosome?

a.  central processor
b.  mitochondrion
c.  floppy disk
d.  memory chip
e.  monitor



15. The lac operon is a genetic unit involved in:

a.  regulation of lactose synthesis
b.  promotion of tryptophan synthesis
c.  hormone activity
d.  regulation of transcription
e.  regulation of translation



16. Reverse transcriptase is used experimentally to produce a particular kind of:

a.  RNA
b.  antibody
c.  ribosome
d.  polypeptide
e.  DNA



17. A direct cause-and-effect evidence for DNA as the molecule of life is:

a.  the Watson-Crick model of DNA structure
b.  the UV action spectrum of DNA
c.  microbial synthesized insulin from human DNA
d.  the Hershey-Chase experiment with radiolabeled DNA
e.  the tetranucleotide hypothesis of DNA structure



18. A direct evidence which proves the occurrence of organic evolution comes from:

a.  the fossil record
b.  taxonomic studies
c.  the endosymbiont theory
d.  the diversity of organisms
e.  Darwin's finches



19. An oligomeric protein (one with quaternary structure) is :

a.  tryptophan
b.  hemoglobin
c.  Barr body
d.  tRNA
e.  codon



20. A "bottle-neck" is a good metaphor for:

a.  natural selection
b.  mutation
c.  genetic drift
d.  Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
e.  tetraploidy



21. Down syndrome is a human genetic condition involving:

a.  a point mutation
b.  polyploidy
c.  polygenic inheritance
d.  an extra autosome
e.  XYY



22. Of the four main genetic capabilities, the one explained by the central dogma is:

a.  mutation
b.  replication
c.  storage
d.  pangenesis
e.  expression



23. Gene action is more complicated in eukaryotes because:

a.  they lack a nucleus
b.  translation occurs simultaneous with transcription
c.  they are single celled
d.  translation occurs in the cytoplasm
e.  there is sexual dimorphism



24. An allele is:

a.  a mutation of a gene
b.  a copy of a gene
c.  a form of a gene
d.  an expression of a gene
e.  a form of polypeptide



25. A monohybrid cross resulted in an F2 family with a relatively high number of the dominant phenotype, 82 individuals, vs. 18 homozygous recessives. The probability associated with this deviation from Mendel's postulates was 10%, which indicated:

a.  10% chance that Mendel's postulates did not apply
b.  results as far off as this would occur by chance 10% of the time
c.  the dominant phenotype was 10% more frequent than expected
d.  reject the null hypothesis
e.  reject independent assortment



26. In the Punnett's square, the rows and columns represent:

a.  possible gametic genotypes
b.  phenotypic combinations
c.  sex chromosomes
d.  the distribution of progeny
e.  heterozygotes



27. In female mammals, one or the other X chromosome is randomly inactivated early in development, resulting in conditions such as:

a.  XYY
b.  linkage
c.  calico cat
d.  male pattern baldness
e.  homosexuality



28. Heritability:

a.  is estimated as a variance ratio
b.  occurs only under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
c.  is due to epistasis
d.  explains dominance
e.  a concept of qualitative inheritance



29. The rungs of the DNA double helix are:

a.  sugars
b.  phosphates
c.  polypeptides
d.  nitrogenous bases
e.  single stranded



30. The approximate number of nucleotide base pairs in the human genome is:

a.  3,000
b.  100,000
c.  3,000,000
d.  100,000,000
e.  3,000,000,000



31. DNA which reassociates quickly most probably:

a.  is cDNA
b.  would be resistant to DNAase
c.  has high AT content
d.  has considerable repetition
e.  consists of structural genes



32. A gene can be defined as:

a.  an allele
b.  a factor in inheritance
c.  a chromosome
d.  a region of mRNA
e.  an enzyme



33. A girl learns that her grandfather has Huntington's disease, which is caused by a dominant autosomal allele. What is the chance that she will have the disease?

a.  100%
b.  75%
c.  50%
d.  25%
e.  0%



34. The normal human metabolic pathway makes substance Z from substance X, as shown below. Each enzyme is the product of a corresponding gene with an allelic relationship of complete dominance for functional enzyme, e.g., both the Aa and AA genotypes make functional Enzyme A. Humans with end product Z are considered normal, and other phenotypes are abnormal. What phenotypic ratio would be expected from the dihybrid, that is the F2 generation from a cross among double heterozyotes?

     

    		Enzyme A		Enzyme b
    	X	>	Y	>	Z

         
    a.  3 abnormal : 1 normal
    b.  1 abnormal : 3 normal
    c.  9 abnormal : 7 normal
    d.  7 abnormal : 9 normal
    e.  15 abnormal : 1 normal
    
    

35. Following some experiments, Jack left 10 sunflowers growing in his garden. Three were homozygous recessive for the allele for tall, thus its genotype was tt. Seven were homozygous dominant, having the normal allele, thus their genotypes TT. Assume that sunflower is a cross-fertilizing species and that the descendants of this group outcross and grow in the garden for several generations. When Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium occurs, what is the frequency of heterozygotes as a percentage of the population?

a.  3
b.  7
c.  21
d.  42
e.  49



36. An effective HIV vaccine is not yet available because:

a.  there is too great a danger of getting AIDS
b.  lack of research support
c.  the mutability of the virus
d.  the manner of transmission
e.  the availability of other therapies



37. Tifway bermudagrass (T-419) has 27 chromosomes representing an artificial interspecific hybrid between an 18 chromosome female parent and a 36-chromosome male parent. Therefore:

a.  Tifway is an autotetraploid.
b.  Tifway is a trisomic.
c.  Tifway is a monosomic.
d.  The basic number chromosome of bermudagrasses is 9.
e.  There should be normal chromosome pairing in meiosis.



38. The role of mutations in evolution is that they:

a.  shift gene frequencies
b.  create inbreds
c.  provide genetic variation
d.  are usually superior adaptations
e.  are recessive



39. Which is false of cancer:

a.  it arises from epistasis
b.  it involves unregulated cell growth
c.  there are genetic propensities to certain cancers
d.  there are environmental influences that trigger cancer
e.  there are infectious agents such as viruses that can trigger cancer



40. The basic unit of DNA is:

a.  ribosome
b.  allele
c.  Barr body
d.  nucleotide
e.  nitrogenous base


MATCHING (30 pts.)

Please insert the correct word in each blank from the list.

Ames test, amino acid, anticodon, chromosome, codominance, Darwin, denaturation, dihybrid, disprovable, enzyme, epistasis, eugenics, genetics, genome, hemizygote, hemophilia, heterozygote, homologs, locus, Mendel, metaphase, mutation, natural selection, oncogene, phage, polygenic, product law, regulatory, ribosome, translocation

41. A gene whose activity promotes uncontrolled growth proliferation in eukaryotic cells.
     
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    
    
42. A mutation involving transfer of a chromosomal segment from one chromosome to another.
     
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    
    
43. A sudden genetic change.
     
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    
    
44. Stage of cell division involving movement of chromosomes to a central plane.
     
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    
    
45. An allelic relationship involving the full and simultaneous expression of both alleles in the heterozygote.
     
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    
    
46. States that the probability of two independent events occurring simultaneously is determined by multiplying their separate probabilities.
     
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    
    
47. The improvement of the human species by selective breeding.
     
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    
    
48. The "melting" of DNA into single strands.
     
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    
    
49. A virus that infects bacteria.
     
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    
    
50. The discoverer of particulate genetics.
     
    _____________________________________________________________________________
    

    Ames test, amino acid, anticodon, chromosome, codominance, Darwin, denaturation, dihybrid, disprovable, enzyme, epistasis, eugenics, genetics, genome, hemizygote, hemophilia, heterozygote, homologs, locus, Mendel, metaphase, mutation, natural selection, oncogene, phage, polygenic, product law, regulatory, ribosome, translocation

51. Differential reproduction of some members of a species resulting from genetic adaptation.

 
_____________________________________________________________________________



52. A type of hybridization experiment which results in phenotypic ratios such as 9:3:3:1

 
_____________________________________________________________________________



53. The person most generally credited with explaining the hypothesis that plants and animal species derived from preexisting types.

 
_____________________________________________________________________________



54. The region of tRNA which "recognizes" a triplet region of the mRNA.

 
_____________________________________________________________________________



55. A type of gene which does not make a polypeptide, but controls another gene or group of genes.

 
_____________________________________________________________________________



56. For an idea to be part of science (in contrast to faith), it must be:

 
_____________________________________________________________________________



57. An X-linked trait in humans associated with defective blood clotting.

 
_____________________________________________________________________________



58. A small roundish organelle associated with polypeptide synthesis.

 
_____________________________________________________________________________



59. A vehicle which carries the genes.

 
_____________________________________________________________________________


Ames test, amino acid, anticodon, chromosome, codominance, Darwin, denaturation, dihybrid, disprovable, enzyme, epistasis, eugenics, genetics, genome, hemizygote, hemophilia, heterozygote, homologs, locus, Mendel, metaphase, mutation, natural selection, oncogene, phage, polygenic, product law, regulatory, ribosome, translocation

60. An organism with contrasting alleles at one or more loci.

 
_____________________________________________________________________________



61. Condition when a gene is present in only a single dose; typical of genes on the X chromosome in male mammals.

 
_____________________________________________________________________________



62. The array of all genes carried by an individual.

 
_____________________________________________________________________________



63. The branch of biology dealing with heredity and the expression of hereditary traits.

 
_____________________________________________________________________________



64. An assay developed by Bruce Ames to detect mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds such pesticides and food additives.

 
_____________________________________________________________________________



65. A subunit or building block of proteins.

 
_____________________________________________________________________________



66. A protein which reduces the activation energy of a chemical reaction.

 
_____________________________________________________________________________



67. The site or place on a chromosome where a particular gene is located.

 
_____________________________________________________________________________



68. Chromosomes that are identical with respect to their genetic loci and can pair in meiosis.

 
_____________________________________________________________________________



69. Inheritance based on the additive effects of a number of genes.

 
_____________________________________________________________________________



70. Nonreciprocal interaction or masking in the effects of genes.

 
_____________________________________________________________________________