Title concept

Major concepts and terminology

Characteristics of hereditary material

mutation, expression, replication, storage, transforming principle, genotype vs. phenotype, transmission

Cell division

chromosomes, homologous, mitosis, meiosis, segregation, alternation of generations, ploidy, reduction, fertilization, gamete, zygote, genome, centromere

Alleles

unit factors in pairs, Punnett square, homozygote, dihybrid ratio, heterozygote product law, dominance, allele, gene, not blended, independent assortment, codominance, segregation

Linkage

homologs, chromatid, tetrad, chiasmata, nonparental gametes, lack of independent assortment, sex linkage, X chromosome, carrier

Quantitative inheritance

polygene, heritability, multiple alleles, variance, continuous variation

Protein structure and function

metabolic pathway, epistasis, enzyme, intermediate metabolite, dominance, inborn errors of metabolism, one gene:one enzyme, polypeptide, PKU; quaternary structure, oligomer, hemoglobin, collagen

DNA structure

double helix, hydrogen vs. covalent bonds, X-ray diffraction, base composition, tetranucleotide, purines and pyrimidines, melting, complementarity, reassociation kinetics, DNA function

Genetic code

universality, redundancy, codon, tRNA, mRNA, anticodon, nonsense mutation, frameshift, wobble, degeneracy, translation, ribosomes

Mutation

nonsense, active site, base substitution, frequency of occurrence, dominance, prototrophs vs. auxotrophs, mutagenic agents, frameshifts, tautomeric shifts, radiation, repair, transposons

Gene regulation

lac operon, expression, inducible vs. repressible, efficiency, promoter, repressor, signal transduction, oncogene, gene amplification, steroid hormone, eukaryotes vs. prokaryotes

Population genetics

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, genetic drift, selection, population, sample size, migration, mutation, random mating, fitness, natural selection, gene pool, allele frequency, inbreeding, plant and animal improvement

DNA organization

heterochromatin, repetitive DNA, prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes, organelles, chromatin, nucleosomes, histones, endosymbionts

Genetic engineering

recombinant DNA, polymerase, restriction endonuclease, RFLP, PCR, reverse transcriptase, probe, vector, phage, library, cDNA, fingerprinting, cloning, biotechnology, gene therapy, southern blot