• Summary
• Bibliography
• Presentation -- the presentation is in Powerpoint 7.0 format for Windows 95.  If you do not have Powerpoint, you will need a viewer, which can be downloaded by clicking here.

     The presentation will be on PowerPoint and consist of slides that will highlight the points made throughout. The order of the speakers is as follows: 

1.  Don -- introduce the group, the different theories, and set the tone for the presentation. Within the introduction he will discuss the nature of global media through exerts from the gathered research. Also will begin discuss the Three Perspectives in more detail. The Three Perspectives theory takes a look at nations through three political entities: first world, second world, and third world countries. Don will also discuss Herbert Altschull’s version of this theory and its differences. He will also speak of the origin of the “Third World” and how the meaning has changed.

2.  David –Begins with the Four Theories. Explain the theories in depth and how the theories developed using the original Siebert, Peterson, and Schramm text.  An outline of the theories will be given and the relationships between the Authoritarian and Communist theories, and the Libertarian and Social Responsibility will be explained.  He will look at each theory and use a country that exhibits that topic. Nigeria will be used for Authoritarian theory, The US for Libertarian theory, China for Communist Theory, and the UK for Social Responsible theory; statistics will show the size of the communications industry within each country. Within the country breakdowns there will be specific examples (case studies) to help illustrate the point of each theory. The Nigerian case study will tell the study of Alex Ibru, the publisher of  The Guardian, and his conflicts with the Abacha Government. The U.S. study will deal with a legal battle between ABC’s Day One and Philip Morris, and effects this has had on the press. The Chinese case study will deal with Chinese press coverage of rural development using both a journal article and examples from Chinese media. The UK study will focus on the BBC and changes in the UK communications industry.  The Nigerian case study will illustrate the tactics used by Authoritarian governments to control the media.  The U.S. study will show how large corporations influence media in a Libertarian system.  The stories of rural development in China will illustrate how media is used to advance the programs and ideals of the state in a communist media system. Last, the BBC is an example of the Social Responsibility theory of media.

3.  Dana – Discusses the Five Concepts. Dana will outline the five concepts as described by William A Hachten, the author of The World News Prism, whose work Stevenson notes in the chapter. After identifying these five concepts, Dana will explain how they are interrelated and/or opposed to one another. For example, the Communist concept differs from the Authoritarian concept in that the press is required to do something, to take some sort of progressive action instead of merely trying to avoid offending the ruling class. Dana will also
highlight the reasons why reporters and editors who operate under one of these concepts, are opposed to some of the other concepts. Those who work with Western ideals do not understand Communist tactics when it comes to mass media. These two concepts often have opposing criteria for determining what is newsworthy and how it should be presented. To the Communist, the Western concept is regarded as "a culture bound by-product" of industrialized capitalist nations. To the Westerner, Communist concept is seen as oppressive and censored. Dana will include quotes by thinkers such as Vladimir Lenin, 18th century Englishman Dr. Samuel Johnson, and Thomas Jefferson. These quotes serve to further explain the thinking behind these concepts and to explain the myth of total "freedom of expression". 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 

1996 U.S. Department of State Dispatch. “Nigeria Human Rights Practices 1995.”
This article provided background information on the political situation in Nigeria during the Abach regime.  A Quote was used from this dispatch in the closer look at Nigeria in the Authoritarian Theory section.

Alleyne, Mark D. (1995). International Power and International Communication. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
This book provides a look into the structure of international communication by way of articles that deal with news, trade, cultural relations, and the NWICO debate.

Altschull, J. Herbert. (1995). Agents of Power: the Media and Public Policy. White Plains, NY. Longman Publishing. 
This book provides a look into the Three Perspectives theory of mass media in which each “world” is further examined. This book was very instrumental in providing another level classification of this theory.

Altschull, J. Herbert. (1984). Agents of Power: The Role of the News Media in Human Affairs. New York: Longman.
 Used in gathering information on Western media and interpretations of free press. It also provided a historical background used in our presentation.

Badru, Pade. (1998). Imperialism and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, Inc.
 Provided basic background information on Nigeria.  I looked through the book and read sections that seemed important but little information from the book made it directly into my presentation.

Banks, Jack. (1997). “MTV and the Globalization of Popular Culture”, Gazette, vol. 59, no.1. 
 Had little purpose. It was going to serve as background of a case study, but I ended up not using it. 

Barnett, Tony. (1997). "State of the States and Third Worlds." In Golding, Peter and Harris, Phil (Ed.), Beyond Cultural Imperialism.(p 25-47). London: Sage.
  This article illustrated the point that the terminology of the Three Perspective theory has changed and in many instances is dated. 

Chan, J.M., & Ma, E.K.W. (1996). “Asian Television: Global Trends and Local Processes.”  Gazette, v. 58, no. 1.
 Was going to be the basis of a case study, but I ended up not using it.
 
Culbertson, Hugh M. (1997). “’China Daily’ Coverage of Rural Development: A broad window or a small peep-hole?”  Gazette, vol. 59, no. 2.
  This article was the basis of the first half of my case study on the Communist Theory of the press and China.  It was used to illustrate the content of newspaper in China in relationship to the issue of rural development.

Downing, John; Mohammadi, Ali; Sreverny-Mohammadi, Annabelle. (1995). Questioning the Media: A Critical Introduction.  USA: Sage Publications (UK)
  Very useful in gathering information on the BBC.  Articles in this book were used to create a perspective on the BBC; what the BBC does and the forces working in the BBC’s favor and against the BBC. 
 
Hachten, William A. (1981). The World News Prism: Changing Media, Clashing Ideologies. Ames, Iowa: The Iowa State University Press.
 This book was used to explore the meanings of the five concepts coined by its author. It offered specific examples for each of the different concepts as well as explained the ideologies behind each concept in the words of some of the leaders and scholars who framed them.
 
Howell, Jr. W.J (1986). World Broadcasting in the Age of the Satellite. New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
Provided information on free and not-so-free press. Outlined the structure of broadcasting in many western societies including the UK and Canada.

Hood, Stuart (Ed.). (1994). Behind the Scenes: The Structure of British Broadcasting in the 1990s. London: Lawrence & Wishart.
  Provided an depth explanation of the BBC; its structure, its decision makers, and its programming.

http://www.cpj.org
 This sight led me to use Nigeria to illustrate an Authoritarian system of the press. 
I used and talked about in this sight to make points about both the Nigerian and Chinese Government’s attitude toward the press.  Information from this sight eventually led me to choosing my case study for the Authoritarian Theory of the press.

K-111 Reference Corporation (1997). 1998 World Almanac and Book of Facts. U.S.: St. Martin Press.
 Statistics from this book were used in the discussion of every country and the size of cities in China.

Lent, John A. (1995). A Different Road Taken: Profiles in Critical Communication. Colorado: WestviewPress.
 This book was comprised of personal interviews of prominent figures critical communications along with scholarly articles. 

Malek, Abbas. (1997.)  News Media and Foreign Relations: A Multifaceted Perspective. New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
 This book would have been wonderful for a presentation on global news flow, but it still provided background knowledge on different systems of mass media.
 
Martin, John L. & Hiebert, Ray Eldon. (1990). Current Issues in International Communication. New York: Longman.
  This book was a collection of scholarly articles that dealt with global media. Some of the articles were a bit dated in that they dealt with specific cases and not with just the theories of mass media.

Merrill, John C. (1983). Global Journalism: A Survey of the World’ Mass Media. New York: Longman Publishing Group.
 This book provides a discussion of global media that is comprised of articles written on a regional basis. Within each region the authors tell of the media structure, regulations, and affiliation according to the Four Theories view of mass media. The Five Concepts and Three Perspective theories of mass media are also mentioned within some of the articles. This book was of value because of its layout, diverse articles, and the similar use of terms to that of Stevenson.
 
Ogbondah, Chris W. (1997). “Communication and Democratization in Africa: Constitutional Changes, Prospects and Persistent Problems for the Media.” Gazette, v.59, no. 4-5.
 Provided some background information about Nigeria. Not really used.

Press Services and Newspapers:

The New York Times, Wall Street Journal
Much of the information from the Libertarian case study came from the NYT and Wall Street Journal along with an article from the Columbia Journalism Review. A quote that illustrated some issues in the Philip Morris/ABC case study came from the NYT.  A headline from the Wall Street Journal also was used in that study.  The NYT also provided some information about the situation in Nigeria.

The Los Angeles Times, Newsday, The Plain Dealer, The Orlando Sentinel, The Baltimore Sun, Phoenix Gazette
Provided headlines for the Libertarian case study.

The Associated Press, The Economist Newspaper, The Times,  Inter Press Service, Reuters World Service, Information Access Company, The Daily Telegraph, Africa News Service, The London Guardian
Were the sources of much of the information in the case study for the Authoritarian Theory of the press.  These newspapers, found through Nexis/Lexis were used to create the timeline that Alex Ibru’s story follows. The quote from the Committee to Protect Journalists came from an open letter run by the African News Service.

The Xinhua News Agency
Provided the articles that were used in the case study about the Communist Theory of the press.  These articles along with a journal article were the content of the case study.
 

Siebert, Fred S., & Peterson, Theodore, & Schramm, Wilbur. (1972). Four Theories of the Press. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
  This provided in depth information about the four theories of the press – Authoritarian, Libertarian, Soviet-Communist, and Social Responsibility - discussed in the Stevenson book.  Provided the outline for my section of the presentation.
 
Stevenson, Robert L. (1994). Global Communication in the Twenty-First Century. 
(p 103-126.) New York: Longman Publishing Group. 
 This required text provided the framework for the presentation. Overviews of three distinct mass media theories were discussed within chapter five along with their importance in the global media.

Traquina, Nelson. (1998). “Western European Broadcasting, Deregulation, and Public Television: The Portuguese Experience.” Journalism & Mass Communication Monographs. Sep. Columbia, South Carolina.
  This article provided a current application of a communication system, in this case television, that is changing from Authoritarian control to a Libertarian.

U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (1997). The World Fact Book . Superintendent of Documents: Pittsburgh, PA.
  Used facts from this book to give information about each country talked about under each of the theories.

Weinberg, Steve. (1995). “Smoking Guns: ABC, Philip Morris and the Infamous Apology.”  Columbia Journalism Review.  November/ December.
This article provided information about the case study on the Libertarian Theory of the press.  Much of the background and understanding of the issues in the Philip Morris versus ABC case study came from this article. Information from this article led me to other sources that created the entire case study.  I used a quote from this article to illustrate issues faced in a Libertarian Theory of press.